Violence and self-esteem among pregnant women in a district of Callao
Violencia y autoestima en gestantes de un distrito del Callao
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22258/hgh.2019.32.61Keywords:
violencia contra la mujer, violencia física, violencia Psicológica, PerúAbstract
Objective: Determine the frequency of violence and its relationship with self-esteem level in pregnant women. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. The pregnant women treated at the Healthcare Center of the district of “Mi Peru”, in the Callao Region, constituted the study population. Results: In total, 210 pregnant women participated with a mean age of 25.94 years (SD = 5.94; Range: 14 to 43), the majority between 20 and 30 years of age, 22.9% (n = 48) were victims of physical violence at least once in their lives and 2.9% (n = 6) in the present pregnancy. Psychological violence at least once in their lives occurred in 28.1% (n = 59), while in the present pregnancy it was reported in 8.1% (n = 17). Regarding sexual assault, 8.6% (n = 18) reported the occurrence at least once in their lives and 0.5% (n = 1) in the last pregnancy. Of the sample, 72.9% (n = 153) presented high self-esteem, 25.7% (n = 54) medium self-esteem and 1.4% (n = 3) low self-esteem. No differences were found between self-esteem level and the history of violence. Conclusions: Physical, psychological and sexual violence is common among women, and pregnancy is not a protective factor. The concurrence of psychological and physical violence is frequent; in both cases the victimizer was an ex-partner. Keywords: Violence against women; physical violence; psychological violence; Peru (Source: MeSH, NLM).Downloads
References
World Health Organization. Violence against women [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Aug 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women
European Union. Sustainable development in the European Union. Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context [Internet]. Publications Office of the European Union. Luxembourg; 2019. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/9940483/KS-02-19-165-EN-N.pdf/1965d8f5-4532-49f9-98ca-5334b0652820
Bott S, Guedes A, Ruiz-Celis AP, Mendoza JA. Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimates. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2019;43:e26.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perú. Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar-ENDES 2018 [Internet]. Lima, Perú; 2019. Available from: https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1656/index1.html
Pool MS, Otupiri E, Owusu-Dabo E, de Jonge A, Agyemang C. Physical violence during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes in Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14(1).
Martin-De-las-Heras S, Velasco C, De Dios Luna-Del-castillo J, Khan KS. Maternal outcomes associated to psychological and physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy: A cohort study and multivariate analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):1–11.
Gisladottir A, Luque-Fernandez MA, Harlow BL, Gudmundsdottir B, Jonsdottir E, Bjarnadottir RI, et al. Obstetric outcomes of mothers previously exposed to sexual violence. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):1–12.
Matheson FI, Daoud N, Hamilton-Wright S, Borenstein H, Pedersen C, O’Campo P. Where Did She Go? The Transformation of Self-Esteem, Self-Identity, and Mental Well-Being among Women Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence. Women’s Heal Issues. 2015;25(5):561–9.
Kaur R, Garg S. Addressing domestic violence against women: An unfinished agenda. Indian J Community Med. 2008;33(2):73.
Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables. Programa Nacional Contra la Violencia Familiar y Sexual [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.mimp.gob.pe/contigo/contenidos/pncontigo-articulos.php?codigo=39
Shamu S, Abrahams N, Temmerman M, Musekiwa A, Zarowsky C. A systematic review of African studies on intimate partner violence against pregnant women: Prevalence and risk factors. PLoS One. 2011;6(3):1–9.
Alebel A, Kibret GD, Wagnew F, Tesema C, Ferede A. Intimate partner violence and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):196.
United Nations. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. Hpb [Internet]. 2017;2(2):101. Available from: https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm
García JA, y Olmos FC, Matheu ML, Carreño TP. Self esteem levels vs global scores on the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Heliyon. 2019;5(3).
Bott S, Guedes A, Goodwin M, Mendoza JA. Violencia contra las mujeres en America Latina y el Caribe. Washington, DC; 2014.
Ministerio de Salud. Modelo de atención integral en salud basado en familia y comunidad [Internet]. Vol. 51, Modelo de Atencion MINSA. Lima - Perú; 2013. Available from: http://bvs.minsa.gob.pe/local/MINSA/1617.pdf
Ventura-Leon J, Caycho-Rodriguez T, Barboza-Palomino M. Evidencias psicométricas de la escala de autoestima de Rosenberg en adolescentes limeños. Rev Interam Psicol J Psychol. 2018;52(1):44–60.
Finnbogadóttir H, Dykes AK, Wann-Hansson C. Prevalence and incidence of domestic violence during pregnancy and associated risk factors: A longitudinal cohort study in the south of Sweden. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2016;16(1):1–10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-1017-6
Ludermir AB, Araújo TVB de, Valongueiro SA, Muniz MLC, Silva EP. Previous experience of family violence and intimate partner violence in pregnancy. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:85.
Sadowski L. Intimate partner violence towards women. BMJ Clin Evid. 2009;2009(September 2009).
Karakurt G, Smith D, Whiting J. Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Women’s Mental Health. J Fam Violence. 2014;29(7):693–702.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Juan Morales, Marlene Basilio, Cinthya Candia-Zambrano
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The authors will retain their copyright and will guarantee to the journal right of first publication of their work, which will simultaneously be under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License that allows third parties to share the work whenever attribuying their author and first publication in this journal.
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a pre-publication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access).
![](<p><img src="https://www.redib.org/themes/lotura/images/logo.svg" alt="REDIB" /></p>){kind=logo}
![REDIB](<p><img%20src="https://www.redib.org/themes/lotura/images/logo.svg" alt="REDIB" /></p>){kind=logo}
![Ciencia Nueva hará parte del índice de Revistas en Consolidación de América Latina AmeliCA - Gestión de la Comunicación y la Promoción Institucional](<p><img%20src="https://comunicaciones.utp.edu.co/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/Melica-21-de-sep-2021.jpg" alt="Ciencia Nueva hará parte del índice de Revistas en Consolidación de América Latina AmeliCA - Gestión de la Comunicación y la Promoción Institucional" /></p>)
